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India is a unique country with great diversity in ethnicities, race, religion, language, culture, cuisine and in every other aspect of the human society. Indian civilization is one of the oldest in the world and primarily consists of the Into-Aryans of North India and the Dravidians of South India, the latter being the original inhabitants of the country, with links to the people of the Indus Valley Civilization while the former migrated to the country at about BCE. As India has such a diverse cultural demographic, it makes sense that the country is also incredibly linguistically diverse. The Indo-Aryan people are part of the various Indo-European ethnolinguistic groups who speak one of the many Indo-Aryan languages. Indo-Aryans make up the majority of the Indian population and are mostly located in north and central India. Each of the Indo-Aryan ethnic groups has their own language or languages.

The aboriginal ethnic groups of India are called "scheduled tribes" in the Constitution. The designation, invented by the British, covers somewhat arbitrarily such communities. Although by now the national population has increased by another million, the proportion probably remains close to what it was 10 years ago. Half of the country's tribal population is found in the three states of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Orissa. The smallest tribal community is the Andamanese, with a population of Economically and socially least advanced, the scheduled tribes are the earliest inhabitants of India.

Religious pluralism has long been a core value in India, which has a large majority of Hindus and smaller shares of Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains and other groups. In recent years, the size of these communities and their future growth have been topics of great interest to the Indian public. The NFHS is a large, nationally representative household survey with more extensive information about childbearing than the census.

South Asian ethnic groups are an ethnolinguistic grouping of the diverse populations of South Asia , including the nations of India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Nepal , Bhutan , the Maldives and Sri Lanka. The majority of the population fall within three large linguistic groups : Indo-Aryan , Dravidian and Iranic. The Indian, Nepalese and Sri Lankan societies are traditionally divided into castes or clans, which are based primarily on labour divisions; these categories have had no official status in India since independence in , except for the scheduled castes and tribes , which remain registered for the purpose of affirmative action.